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17. Should education be job oriented?
1. Yes. Because purpose of education is to prepare us for earning.
2. No. because education should not be for the sake of education.
18. Should India remain secular?
1. Yes. Because people belonging to different religions live in India.
2. No. Because the different religious group do not see eye to eye
with one another.
19. Should strikes be banned in essential services?
1. Yes. Because strike disturbs the normal life.
2. No. Because it is a democratic right of the people.
20. In India, should income tax be abolished?
1. Yes, because it is an unnecessary burden on the wage earners.
2. No, because it is a good source of revenue.
21. Barking dogs never bite.
1. Dogs always bite.
2. Some dogs bite.
22. Man is born free.
1. Freedom is the birth right of man.
2. The very birth confirms right on man.
23. I pray to god whenever I am in difficulty.
1. Prayers can solve problems.
2. Prayers to god is the highest duty of man.
24. Laugh, and the world will laugh with you.
1. People generally laugh.
2. Laughter symbolizes happiness.
25. Owing to stress, you digestive system is affected.
1. There is a stress in life.
2. Digestive system has no defensive.
LOGICAL
REASONING
In logical reasoning one draws
inferences or conclusions from statements or premises and test the validity of
such inference. The following terms are useful in understanding the principles
of logical reasoning.
Proposition: A proposition is a statement of a relationship
between two terms.
A categorical statement to be in standard form, the sentence expressing that statement must begin with quantifier such as “all”, “no”, “some”. It must then present the subject term – the term designating the set of objects the statements is about - followed by copula – either “are” or “are not” – followed by the predicative term.
A categorical statement to be in standard form, the sentence expressing that statement must begin with quantifier such as “all”, “no”, “some”. It must then present the subject term – the term designating the set of objects the statements is about - followed by copula – either “are” or “are not” – followed by the predicative term.
Quantifier + subject + copula + predicative term.
A – All
graduates are literates.
E – No graduates are criminals.
I - Some graduates are businessmen.
O – Some graduates are not rich people.
E – No graduates are criminals.
I - Some graduates are businessmen.
O – Some graduates are not rich people.
Statement A - Universal
affirmative
Statement E - Universal negative
Statement I - Particular affirmative
Statement O - Particular negative
Statement E - Universal negative
Statement I - Particular affirmative
Statement O - Particular negative
Distribution of terms
A term is distributed
in such a sentence if it refers to all members
of the set of objects denoted by the term, otherwise it is said to be undistributed.
Ex : 1 All graduates are literates.
Subject graduates –
distributed
Literate - undistributed.
Literate - undistributed.
Ex : 2 No graduates are criminals.
Subject & predicate distributed.
Ex : 3 Some graduates are
businessmen.
Neither subject nor predicate
distributed.
Ex : 4 Some graduates are not rich
people.
Only predicate distributed.
Following are the rules used in solving logical reasoning.
Rule 1 : If both propositions are particular or one affirmative
and one negative or both affirmative, the inference
will be uncertain.
Some graduates are businessmen.
Some graduates are honest
Some honest persons are businessmen.
The inference is uncertain.
Some graduates are honest
Some honest persons are businessmen.
The inference is uncertain.
Rule 2 : If one premise is negative,
the inference must be negative. If the inference is universal
affirmative, it is definitely false. But, if it is particular affirmative
inference will be correct. Because, that will be the implication of the
particular negative proposition.
All men are graduates.
Some rice people are not graduates.
So all rich people are men.
Some rich people are men.
Some rice people are not graduates.
So all rich people are men.
Some rich people are men.
Rule 3 : In a categorical argument there must be a middle
term. If there is no middle term no inference
can be derived.
All birds fly
No human being flies
So, no human being is a bird.
No human being flies
So, no human being is a bird.
Inference is incorrect.
My hand touches the chair
The chair touches the ground.
My hand touches the ground.
The chair touches the ground.
My hand touches the ground.
Inference is incorrect.
Rule 4 : The middle term
must be distributed at least once in the premises, otherwise inference is
uncertain.
All chairs are furniture.
All tables are furniture.
So all tables are chairs.
All tables are furniture.
So all tables are chairs.
Middle term furniture is
undistributed.
Rule 5 : If a middle term is distributed
in the inference, it must be distributed in the major premise, otherwise the
inference is false.
All chairs are pens.
No table is a book.
So, no table is a chair.
No table is a book.
So, no table is a chair.
Rule 6 : If a minor term
is distributed in the inference it must be distributed in the major premise,
otherwise inference will be false.
No horse is dog.
All dogs are rats.
So, no rat is a horse.
All dogs are rats.
So, no rat is a horse.
Inference is false.
Exercise :
Directions : Two statements are followed by 2 possible inferences. You
have to point out which of the following answer choices applies to each of the
following questions :
- Only inference I is followed.
- Only inference II is followed.
- Both inference I & II are followed.
- Neither inference I nor II followed.
- All horses are donkeys. All donkeys are monkeys.
- All horses are monkeys.
- All monkeys are horses
- No rice is food, No food is bread.
- No bread is rice
- No rice is bread
- All papers are books, Some papers are files.
- Some files are books
- Some books are files
- Some pens are books, No pencil is a rubber.
- Some rubbers are not books
- Some books are not rubbers.
- No crow is a sparrow, All hens are eagles.
- No eagle is a sparrow
- No sparrow is a eagle.
Directions : Choose the best
alternative.
- He cannot vote because he is a minor.
- Some minors cannot vote in elections.
- Some who cannot vote are minors.
- No minor can vote.
- All minors cannot vote.
7. No businessman is good because
all businessmen are cheat.
a) No businessman is cheat.
b) All good are not cheat.
c) No good person is cheat.
d) All cheat are not good.
a) No businessman is cheat.
b) All good are not cheat.
c) No good person is cheat.
d) All cheat are not good.
8. He is wise because all
graduates are wise.
- He is a graduate.
- He is not a graduate.
- Some graduates are he
- Some graduates are not he.
9. Asoka was popular, because he was
fair.
a) All popular are fair
b) All fair are popular
c) Only fair are popular
d) None.
a) All popular are fair
b) All fair are popular
c) Only fair are popular
d) None.
10. He cannot read, because he is a
blind.
a) No blind can read.
b) All blind cannot read
c) All who can read are not blind
d) Some who read are not blind.
a) No blind can read.
b) All blind cannot read
c) All who can read are not blind
d) Some who read are not blind.
11. He wear turban, so he is a sikh.
a) All who wear turban are Sikhs
b) All Sikhs wear turban.
c) Only Sikhs wear turban
d) Some Sikhs wear turban.
a) All who wear turban are Sikhs
b) All Sikhs wear turban.
c) Only Sikhs wear turban
d) Some Sikhs wear turban.
12. He wears sweater, because he
is sick.
a) All who wear sweater are sick.
b) All sick wear sweater
c) No sick wear sweater
d) All sick do not wear sweater.
a) All who wear sweater are sick.
b) All sick wear sweater
c) No sick wear sweater
d) All sick do not wear sweater.
13. Pick pockets are hated, because
they are criminals.
a) All who are hated are pick pockets.
b) All criminals are hated.
c) All hated are criminals.
d) Some criminals are hated.
a) All who are hated are pick pockets.
b) All criminals are hated.
c) All hated are criminals.
d) Some criminals are hated.
14. He is unhappy, because he
has failed in exam.
a) All unhappy fails.
b) Some who fail are unhappy.
c) Some unhappy fails.
d) All who fails, are unhappy.
a) All unhappy fails.
b) Some who fail are unhappy.
c) Some unhappy fails.
d) All who fails, are unhappy.
15. He lived long, because he
was healthy.
a) All who lived long are healthy.
b) All healthy live long.
c) No healthy live long.
d) Some healthy live long.
a) All who lived long are healthy.
b) All healthy live long.
c) No healthy live long.
d) Some healthy live long.
Directions : An interrogative sentence is followed by 2
arguments. One beginning with “yes” and the other beginning with
“no”. You are to pick one of the following answer choices which is
applicable to each of the following questions :
A. Only argument 1 is forceful.
B. Only argument 2 is forceful.
C. Both arguments are forceful.
D. Neither 1 nor 2 is forceful.
A. Only argument 1 is forceful.
B. Only argument 2 is forceful.
C. Both arguments are forceful.
D. Neither 1 nor 2 is forceful.
16. Has India been consistently
non-aligned?
- Yes. Because India has not sided with any big power.
- No. Because India did not condemn Russian occupation of Afganistan.
17. Should education be job oriented?
1. Yes. Because purpose of education is to prepare us for earning.
2. No. because education should not be for the sake of education.
18. Should India remain secular?
1. Yes. Because people belonging to different religions live in India.
2. No. Because the different religious group do not see eye to eye
with one another.
19. Should strikes be banned in essential services?
1. Yes. Because strike disturbs the normal life.
2. No. Because it is a democratic right of the people.
20. In India, should income tax be abolished?
1. Yes, because it is an unnecessary burden on the wage earners.
2. No, because it is a good source of revenue.
21. Barking dogs never bite.
1. Dogs always bite.
2. Some dogs bite.
22. Man is born free.
1. Freedom is the birth right of man.
2. The very birth confirms right on man.
23. I pray to god whenever I am in difficulty.
1. Prayers can solve problems.
2. Prayers to god is the highest duty of man.
24. Laugh, and the world will laugh with you.
1. People generally laugh.
2. Laughter symbolizes happiness.
25. Owing to stress, you digestive system is affected.
1. There is a stress in life.
2. Digestive system has no defensive.
1.ans (a)
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2.Ans (d)
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3.ans (c)
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4.ans (b)
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5.ans (c)
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6.ans (c)
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7.ans (c)
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8.ans (a)
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9.ans (b)
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10.ans (a)
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11.ans (b)
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12.ans (b)
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13.ans (b)
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14.ans (d)
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15.ans (b)
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16.ans(b)
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17.ans(d)
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18.ans(a)
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19.ans(c)
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20.ans(b)
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21.ans(b)
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22.ans(d)
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23.ans(d)
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24.ans(d)
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25.ans(a)
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